Page 3 - Transport studies in high-performance field reversed configuration plasmas

structure is accompanied by periodically protruded surface metallic structures, which makes the local electric field even greater. In addition most materials contain impurities within its material structure, such as f-centers. These in combination make the metallic breakdown field far greater than the typical gradient that shifts the electronic
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1. Wake wave vs. tsunami wave. (a) The wake wave propagates in the medium with a high phase velocity by maintaining its integrity of a coherent motion of the organized wave. Its phase velocity is so large that most of the constituent particles (except the trapped particles or surfers) do not move with the wave. (b) The tsunami wave can propagate intact, just like the wake wave of the left does off shore. Tsunami can propagate many thousands of kilometers from the seismic center across the ocean. Ships on the ocean are hardly affected by tsunami. On the other hand when the tsunami approaches the shore and slows down in its phase velocity on shore, the phase velocity in this case is nearly zero so that the tsunami wave interacts with the coast strongly to cause the tsunami damages. In other words the tsunami phase velocity begins to resonate with the “bulk motion” (in this case the seashore coast structure, which is sitting with no moving velocity).
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2. Large-amplitude robust wave dynamics. (a) The nonlinear wakefield (left is our 1D computer simulation, not a cartoon) driven by laser has a group velocity which is close to the speed of light and the phase velocity of the excited wake is also close to c. The steepening of the wakefield due to the nonlinearity makes the electron density steepen as well, but does not necessarily easily break, due to the effect we term as relativistic coherence [18]. (b) The nonlinear ocean wave (right, by Hokusai) on the other hand also steepens for the same reason as the wakefield, but because of its nonrelativistic dynamics, the wave has the tendency to break at the highest point of the wave. (from ref. [18]).
wavefunction shift by an eV over an Angstrom, i.e. electric field of 108 eV/cm down to typically MeV/cm (or even less). In order to overcome this difficulty, Veksler suggested using the already broken down material of plasma to begin with. His second element is to resort to the collective field as opposed to collective force. As is known, the fields in plasma permeate in such a way that a charge feels nearly all other charges through the Coulombic interaction. If we further marshal the plasma to form a collection of charges made up with Ne (a collective collection of N charges), the interaction force is proportional to (Ne)2, indicating that the collective force is proportional to N2,
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